Threats to Mediterranean Sharks and Rays Highlight Need for Better Conservation
A recent study reveals that overfishing, illegal fishing, and the growing market for shark meat are putting more than 80 species of sharks and rays in the Mediterranean Sea at significant risk. The research assessed the current protections for elasmobranch populations—sharks, rays, and skates—across the 22 coastal states in the region.
From Spain and Morocco in the west to Israel, Lebanon, and Syria in the east, researchers identified over 200 measures addressing elasmobranch conservation. These included national legislation and conservation efforts led by non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
European Union countries demonstrated more proactive measures compared to non-EU nations, with Spain leading in the number of initiatives. Governments were responsible for 63 percent of these actions, mainly through legal regulations. However, the study found significant gaps in enforcement and monitoring, with no centralized system for tracking progress in shark conservation at the national level.
The study also highlighted a rising trend of both intentional and accidental shark landings by fishers to meet growing demand for shark products. A lack of effective control at landing sites exacerbates the threat to already vulnerable species.
Researchers are calling for stronger monitoring mechanisms, increased public education, and incentives for fishers to adopt less harmful equipment to protect these species.
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This research, published in Biological Conservation, marks the first comprehensive assessment of region-wide efforts to safeguard shark populations through international law. It was led by Dr. Lydia Koehler and Jason Lowther from the School of Society and Culture at the University of Plymouth.
Dr. Koehler, an Associate Lecturer and member of the IUCN World Commission on Environmental Law (WCEL), emphasized the ecological importance of sharks: "Sharks have existed for millions of years, predating the dinosaurs. With over 1,000 species globally, they play vital roles in marine ecosystems, either as apex predators regulating prey populations or as a food source for other predators. Unfortunately, more than half of Mediterranean shark species are now threatened with extinction due to overfishing and bycatch pressures. Finding effective ways to conserve these species is critically important."